Nutritional Enhancement of Biocontrol Activity of Candida sake (CPA-1) against Penicillium expansum on Apples and Pears

Pome fruits are poor in nitrogenous compounds and the addition of nitrogen can improve colonisation of the fruits by antagonists. Twenty-two nitrogenous compounds were evaluated for their effect on Candida sake (CPA-1) growth in vitro. Ten compounds that induced greater growth were applied with the antagonist to wounded fruits to evaluate their effect on enhancing control of Penicillium expansum. Calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were also tested. L-serine and L-aspartic acid enhanced biocontrol by C. sake against P. expansum on apples. On apples and pears, ammonium molybdate, calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose improved the capacity of the antagonist to control P. expansum. The addition of ammonium molybdate at 1 mM allowed C. sake to be used on apples and pears at a lower concentration without diminishing control. Similar results were observed with the addition of calcium chloride to the antagonist. 2-deoxy-D-glucose at 6 and 18 mM enhanced biocontrol on pears by over 81%, but on apples the improvement of biocontrol was observed only at 6 mM. In cold storage, the combination of ammonium molybdate and C. sake completely eliminated the incidence of blue mould on pears, and reduced its severity and incidence by more than 80% on apples.     

华北棉田二代棉铃虫发生程度中期预测

在华北棉区用扫网法和目测查虫法调查麦田一代棉铃虫幼虫发生量，用比较法和生命表分析法预测二代棉铃虫在棉田的发生程度和虫口密度。经1991—1994年应用检验，预测结果均与实际发生情况吻合。     

Evaluation of Microbial Antagonists for Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea Stem Infection in Cucumber and Tomato

Of fifteen isolates of yeasts, filamentous fungi and bacteria and a commercial product, tested in a bioassay with stem segments, eleven isolates consistently reduced incidence of disease and sporulation of Botrytis cinerea Pers; Fr in tomato and seven isolates in cucumber. Several isolates reduced disease by more than 75% in all experiments. Six antagonists that performed well in the bioassays and that were fairly easy to produce in vitro, were selected for further testing in two glasshouse experiments with cucumbers. After application of spores of B. cinerea and the antagonists or the fungicide tolylfluanid to pruning wounds, disease incidence was reduced by 50–100% by all antagonists in both experiments and only in one experiment by tolylfluanid.For Trichoderma harzianum T39, Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus albidus, biological control efficacy in bioassays with cucumber stem segments was not strongly influenced by temperatures in the range between 18 and 30°C, but at 24°C the efficacy of the three antagonists strongly decreased at relative humidities of 90% and 80% (vapour pressure deficits 0.299 and 0.598kPa, respectively) compared to 100.     

反刍动物采食量的概念与研究方法

本研究对反刍家畜采食量的研究发展与现状进行了回顾与总结,采食量及其相关术语的定义主要基于饲草料或家畜,其测定方法和精确含义有差异;反刍家畜采食是由生物和非生物因素相互作用共同影响的复杂动态过程,采食量影响因子主要分为家畜的(胃肠蠕动力、选择性采食等)、饲草料的(粗纤维含量、抗营养成分等)和饲养条件的(草层结构、草地饮水点分布等)因素3个方面;采食量的测定方法有基于牧草测定的直接法和基于家畜测定的间接法,后者较多地应用于放牧家畜;预测方法有基于数学函数和生物学原理的模型法,基于消化试验的经验法和结合家畜属性的改进经验法。舍饲条件下可准确地测定和预测家畜的采食量,但对放牧家畜还没有精确的方法。通过测定与饲草水平密切相关的家畜尿液、血液或粪便中的代谢物水平将成为预测放牧家畜采食量的准确方法。     

In vitro and In vivo Activity of Cyprodinil and Pyrimethanil on Botrytis cinerea Isolates Resistant to other Botryticides and Selection for Resistance to Pyrimethanil in a Greenhouse Population in Greece

No cross-resistance was observed between pyrimethanil or cyprodinil and the fungicides benomyl, iprodione or carbendazim + diethofencarb. In vitro, both anilinopyrimidine fungicides were effective against strains of Botrytis cinerea resistant to benzimidazoles and/or dicarboximides and against a wild type strain insensitive to diethofencarb (EC₅₀ values ranged between 0.03–0.19 and 0.006–0.054gml^–1 for pyrimethanil and cyprodinil, respectively). Preventive applications of anilinopyrimidines completely protected young cucumber plants and fruits that were inoculated with all strains of B. cinerea. The effectiveness of pyrimethanil against grey mould was studied in greenhouse grown tomatoes in relation to (a) the type of infection and the progress of the disease on different plant parts and (b) the response of the naturally occurring B. cinerea population to the selection pressure caused by eight successive applications of this fungicide. Pyrimethanil effectively controlled grey mould on leaves, fruits and stems but did not significantly reduce the number of dead plants and fruits with 'ghost spot' symptoms. The selection pressure caused by the consecutive applications of pyrimethanil resulted in reduction of its effectiveness on leaves that became apparent after the sixth application. This was correlated with a shift of the B. cinerea population (not previously exposed to anilinopyrimidines) towards reduced sensitivity, probably due to the development of a low level of resistance (R _L = 7.7). Pyrimethanil delayed the onset of the disease but it did not reduce the infection rate.     

Structure and Expression In planta of Botrytis cinerea Ubiquitin Genes

To identify genes of the necrotrophic pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea that are expressed during infection of tomato leaves, a differential screening of a genomic library with radioactively labelled cDNA was performed. This resulted in the identification of a B. cinerea gene, denominated Bcubi4, which encodes a precursor protein consisting of four identical head-to-tail repeats of a 76aa ubiquitin unit. Subsequently a gene denominated Bcubi1CEP79, encoding a single ubiquitin unit joined to a Carboxyl Extension Protein of 79 amino acids, was isolated. The expression of the two ubiquitin genes was studied during pathogenesis of B. cinerea on tomato. Bcubi1CEP79, but not Bcubi4, mRNA was transiently induced at 16h after inoculation. The increased expression of the Bcubi1CEP79 gene at this stage of pathogenesis might be required for enhanced ribosomal biogenesis.     

内蒙古天然草地退化成因的多因素灰色关联分析

选取内蒙古草地典型草原、草甸草原及农牧交错带典型区,通过对区域内影响草地退化的社会、经济和环境等因素进行定性分析,应用灰色系统理论的关联分析方法,以草地退化面积为参考数列,以牧草生长季积温、降水变率和年大风日数等气候因子,草地超载比例、人工种草与围栏草场面积、年割草量、畜棚与畜圈面积和牧民人均收入等人类活动因子作为比较数列,对草地退化进行了多因素关联分析。研究结果客观、定量地揭示了草地退化与各因素间的相互关系,认为草地生态系统的退化受损是气候变化和人类活动共同胁迫的结果,人类对草地的管理方式对草地生态系统具有巨大影响,人类可以通过多种管理措施来减轻牲畜对草场的压力,积极解决人与资源的平衡。     

基于灰色理论的畜禽粪便环境污染风险预测分析

本文运用灰色建模理论中的灰色数列预测方法,利用北京密云县10个乡镇的畜禽粪便实际负荷量和最大负荷量的确定,对未来年份的畜禽粪便负荷预警值进行预测。结果表明:该流域各乡镇未来十年所受畜禽粪便的污染威胁均呈现逐年加剧趋势,其中石城和番字牌预警值上升最快;冯家峪、大城子和新城子次之,高岭、太师屯和不老屯呈现缓慢上升态势。     

灰色关联度分析法对不同处理下草坪质量的综合评判

应用灰色系统理论对不同施氮量和施肥次数处理下的草坪质量进行了分析与评判.结果表明:施用氮肥是提高草坪质量的重要措施,在35 g/m2施量水平下,草坪质量与施肥量呈正相关(R2＞0.9100);施肥次数对其影响不显著.建议在实践中施肥量以25 g/m2为宜.     

马铃薯产量与主要产量性状关系的研究

应用灰色系统理论对天水地区8个参试品种产量与产量性状进行综合分析,结果表明,马铃薯产量与主要产量性状的关联度由大到小排序,次序为：单株块茎＞株高＞淀粉含量＞大中薯个数比率＞平均薯重＞大中薯重量比率＞分枝数.该结果对马铃薯育种目标的制定,品种改良具有实际意义.